For the most part, geodes will be filled with various types of quartz. Amethyst (which is just a purple variety of quartz) is common, but also aesthetically pleasing to most. I'm sure there are a bunch of places to buy geodes online for not too much, but for the love of god please do not buy the stained/colored ones! I don't know why that is such a thing, but people will stain geodes to weird colors like bright pink, teal, or blue, etc. It drives me nuts, they're cool enough on their own!
I know they sell kits with multiple geodes, and then the kids get to break them open. They're usually not very big in these kits, but that can be fine for the kids. A year or so ago I bought a 12 pack for my son and he had a blast breaking them open. Some were cooler than others, but that's part of the fun - finally discovering the good one.